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Modern Library: 100 Best Nonfiction - Board's List (1999)

History, memoir, science, criticism and ideas in the Modern Library board’s 1999 nonfiction ranking. Explore all 100 selections, with short introductions, publication dates and links to fine editions.

100 books 1999 selection Board ranking Original list
1
The Education of Henry Adams — selected edition cover

The Education of Henry Adams

An intellectual's autobiography investigates the adequacy of inherited education for understanding the forces transforming modern society.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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2
The Varieties of Religious Experience — selected edition cover

The Varieties of Religious Experience

Lectures examine religious experience through individual testimony, considering belief, conversion and the psychological varieties of spiritual life.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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3
Up From Slavery — selected edition cover

Up From Slavery

An educator's autobiography recounts his movement from enslavement toward the establishment of institutions intended to expand Black opportunity.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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4
A Room Of One's Own - Virginia Woolf - Folio Society - 2017

A Room of One’s Own

An argument about women and writing examines the material independence and intellectual space required for literary creation.

Available nowEditions of A Room of One’s Own
5
Silent Spring - Rachel Carson - Folio Society - 2021 1st Edition

Silent Spring

An investigation of pesticide use connects environmental damage with the need to question the consequences of apparently beneficial technologies.

Previously soldEditions of Silent Spring
6
Cover candidate for Selected Essays, 1917-1932 by T. S. Eliot

Selected Essays, 1917-1932

A collection of literary and cultural criticism sets out influential arguments about tradition, poetry and the practice of interpretation.

No shop edition listed

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7
The Double Helix — selected edition cover

The Double Helix

A participant's account of the discovery of DNA's structure reveals the competition, personalities and contingencies behind a scientific breakthrough.

No shop edition listed

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8
Speak, Memory — selected edition cover

Speak, Memory

An intricately composed memoir revisits a Russian childhood, exile and the patterns memory finds within a changing family history.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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9
The American Language — selected edition cover

The American Language

An investigation of American English explores its differences from British usage and the forces that shape a living national language.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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10
Cover candidate for The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes

The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

An economic argument challenges established assumptions about employment and demand, proposing a different account of instability and government intervention.

No shop edition listed

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11
The Lives of a Cell — selected edition cover

The Lives of a Cell

Essays use biological discoveries to explore cooperation, language and humanity's place within the interconnected processes of life.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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12
Cover candidate for The Frontier in American History by Frederick Jackson Turner

The Frontier in American History

Historical essays examine the role of westward expansion in shaping American institutions, political habits and national self-understanding.

No shop edition listed

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13
Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth — selected edition cover

Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth

An autobiographical account of a Southern childhood examines hunger, racial oppression and the development of an independent literary consciousness.

No shop edition listed

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14
Aspects of the Novel — selected edition cover

Aspects of the Novel

Lectures discuss story, plot, character and other elements of fiction through an accessible, example-driven account of the novelist's craft.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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15
Cover candidate for The Civil War by Shelby Foote

The Civil War

A three-volume narrative recounts the American Civil War through military campaigns, political leadership and the experiences of its participants.

No shop edition listed

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16
The Guns of August — selected edition cover

The Guns of August

An account of the First World War's opening month examines decisions and assumptions that helped transform a crisis into prolonged catastrophe.

No shop edition listed

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17
Cover candidate for The Proper Study of Mankind by Isaiah Berlin

The Proper Study of Mankind

Essays in the history of ideas explore liberty, pluralism and the conflicts between competing accounts of how human beings should live.

No shop edition listed

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18
Cover candidate for The Nature and Destiny of Man by Reinhold Niebuhr

The Nature and Destiny of Man

A Christian interpretation of human nature examines freedom, pride, historical action and the tension between human possibility and limitation.

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19
Notes of a Native Son — selected edition cover

Notes of a Native Son

Essays connect personal experience with questions of race, belonging and the tensions of American cultural life.

No shop edition listed

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20
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas — selected edition cover

The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas

A writer adopts her partner's autobiographical voice to recount their lives within the artistic circles of Paris.

No shop edition listed

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21
The Elements of Style — selected edition cover

The Elements of Style

A concise handbook sets out principles of English usage, composition and prose style, combining practical guidance with forceful editorial preferences.

No shop edition listed

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22
Cover candidate for An American Dilemma by Gunnar Myrdal

An American Dilemma

A large sociological study examines the contradiction between American democratic ideals and the practices sustaining racial inequality.

No shop edition listed

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23
Principia Mathematica — selected edition cover

Principia Mathematica

A foundational work in mathematical logic attempts to derive mathematical truths from formally stated logical principles.

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24
The Mismeasure of Man — selected edition cover

The Mismeasure of Man

A critique of intelligence measurement examines the historical entanglement of scientific claims with assumptions about race, class and human worth.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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25
The Mirror and the Lamp — selected edition cover

The Mirror and the Lamp

A study of Romantic criticism examines changing models of art, especially the movement from imitation toward expressive accounts of creativity.

No shop edition listed

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26
The Art of the Soluble — selected edition cover

The Art of the Soluble

Essays on scientific thinking consider explanation, discovery and the importance of choosing questions that can produce fruitful investigation.

No shop edition listed

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27
The Ants — selected edition cover

The Ants

A comprehensive study surveys ants' evolution, behaviour and social organisation, revealing the complexity of their cooperative lives.

No shop edition listed

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28
A Theory of Justice — selected edition cover

A Theory of Justice

A philosophical account of justice asks what principles people would choose without knowing their own position within society.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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29
Art and Illusion — selected edition cover

Art and Illusion

An inquiry into pictorial representation examines how artistic conventions, expectation and perception shape the making and understanding of images.

No shop edition listed

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30
The Making of the English Working Class — selected edition cover

The Making of the English Working Class

A history of working people explores how shared experiences, political struggles and cultural traditions shaped class consciousness in England.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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31
The Souls of Black Folk — selected edition cover

The Souls of Black Folk

Essays combine history, sociology and personal reflection to examine Black American experience and the continuing consequences of racial division.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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32
Principia Ethica — selected edition cover

Principia Ethica

An ethical inquiry examines the meaning of goodness and challenges attempts to define moral value entirely through natural properties.

No shop edition listed

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33
Cover candidate for Philosophy and Civilization by John Dewey

Philosophy and Civilization

Philosophical essays consider inquiry, social institutions and the relationship between intellectual habits and the practical problems of civilisation.

No shop edition listed

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34
On Growth and Form — selected edition cover

On Growth and Form

A study of living forms explores how mathematical relationships and physical forces help explain biological growth and structure.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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35
Ideas and Opinions — selected edition cover

Ideas and Opinions

Collected writings present reflections on scientific work, politics, education and the social responsibilities of intellectual life.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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36
Cover candidate for The Age of Jackson by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

The Age of Jackson

A history of Jacksonian America connects political change with conflicts over class, economic power and democratic participation.

No shop edition listed

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37
Cover candidate for The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes

The Making of the Atomic Bomb

A detailed history follows the scientific discoveries and wartime decisions that culminated in the creation of atomic weapons.

No shop edition listed

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38
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon — selected edition cover

Black Lamb and Grey Falcon

Travels in Yugoslavia become an extensive reflection on history, national identity and the political dangers facing Europe.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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39
Autobiographies — selected edition cover

Autobiographies

Autobiographical writings reconstruct a poet's youth, artistic development and involvement in the cultural life of Ireland.

No shop edition listed

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40
Cover candidate for Science and Civilization in China by Joseph Needham

Science and Civilization in China

A multivolume history investigates the development of science and technology in China and its relationship with other intellectual traditions.

No shop edition listed

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41
Goodbye to All That — selected edition cover

Goodbye to All That

An account of childhood and military service explores the rupture created by the First World War and the rejection of inherited loyalties.

No shop edition listed

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42
Cover candidate for Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell

Homage to Catalonia

An account of fighting in the Spanish Civil War examines revolutionary hope, political factionalism and the manipulation of public truth.

No shop edition listed

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43
Cover candidate for The Autobiography of Mark Twain by Mark Twain

The Autobiography of Mark Twain

Dictated recollections and autobiographical fragments range across a writer's life, combining personal memory with opinions on society and public affairs.

No shop edition listed

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44
Cover candidate for Children of Crisis by Robert Coles

Children of Crisis

Studies of American children connect individual experience with the pressures of poverty, segregation and social exclusion.

No shop edition listed

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45
A Study of History — selected edition cover

A Study of History

A comparative history investigates how civilisations develop, respond to challenges and experience decline across different periods and regions.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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46
The Affluent Society — selected edition cover

The Affluent Society

An economist questions the priorities of prosperous societies, contrasting private consumption with neglected public needs.

No shop edition listed

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47
Cover candidate for Present at the Creation by Dean Acheson

Present at the Creation

A former American secretary of state's memoir recounts diplomatic decisions and institution-building during the early Cold War.

No shop edition listed

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48
Cover candidate for The Great Bridge by David McCullough

The Great Bridge

The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge becomes a history of engineering ambition, political conflict and the people behind a major public undertaking.

No shop edition listed

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49
Cover candidate for Patriotic Gore by Edmund Wilson

Patriotic Gore

A study of Civil War-era writing examines how literary voices expressed the conflict's moral tensions and lasting psychological consequences.

No shop edition listed

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50
Samuel Johnson — selected edition cover

Samuel Johnson

A biography examines Samuel Johnson's intellectual achievement alongside the emotional difficulties and moral seriousness of his life.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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51
The Autobiography of Malcolm X — selected edition cover

The Autobiography of Malcolm X

A collaboratively produced autobiography follows Malcolm X's changing beliefs, activism and developing understanding of race and political struggle.

No shop edition listed

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52
The Right Stuff — selected edition cover

The Right Stuff

An account of American test pilots and early astronauts examines courage, professional rivalry and the public manufacture of heroism.

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53
Eminent Victorians — selected edition cover

Eminent Victorians

Four compact biographies use irony and selective detail to unsettle the reverential treatment of prominent Victorian figures.

No shop edition listed

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54
Cover candidate for Working by Studs Terkel

Working

Oral histories let people in varied occupations describe their daily labour, frustrations and ideas about the meaning of work.

No shop edition listed

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55
Darkness Visible — selected edition cover

Darkness Visible

A writer's account of severe depression examines the experience of illness and the difficult process of recovery.

No shop edition listed

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56
The Liberal Imagination — selected edition cover

The Liberal Imagination

Literary essays investigate the relationship between imaginative complexity, moral judgement and the limitations of contemporary political habits.

No shop edition listed

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57
The Second World War — selected edition cover

The Second World War

A six-volume account of the Second World War combines historical narrative with the author's perspective as a major political participant.

No shop edition listed

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58
Out of Africa — selected edition cover

Out of Africa

Memories of life on a Kenyan coffee farm reflect on landscape, relationships and a vanished colonial world.

No shop edition listed

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Cover image: Penguin Random House

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59
Cover candidate for Jefferson and His Time by Dumas Malone

Jefferson and His Time

A six-volume biography reconstructs Thomas Jefferson's public career and private life within the development of the early American republic.

No shop edition listed

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60
Cover candidate for In the American Grain by William Carlos Williams

In the American Grain

Historical portraits reinterpret American figures and encounters through a poet's investigation of the country's cultural inheritance.

No shop edition listed

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61
Cadillac Desert — selected edition cover

Cadillac Desert

An investigation of water development in the American West examines the political ambitions and ecological costs behind large engineering projects.

No shop edition listed

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62
Cover candidate for The House of Morgan by Ron Chernow

The House of Morgan

The history of a banking dynasty reveals the changing relationship between private finance, governments and international economic power.

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63
Cover candidate for The Sweet Science by A. J. Liebling

The Sweet Science

Essays on boxing combine descriptions of fights with portraits of the people, traditions and business surrounding the sport.

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64
The Open Society and Its Enemies — selected edition cover

The Open Society and Its Enemies

A defence of open political institutions challenges philosophical traditions that subordinate individual freedom to supposedly inevitable historical destinies.

No shop edition listed

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Selected edition cover

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65
The Art of Memory — selected edition cover

The Art of Memory

A history of mnemonic practices traces elaborate methods of remembering and their connections with philosophy, religion and Renaissance thought.

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66
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism — selected edition cover

Religion and the Rise of Capitalism

A historical argument examines the changing relationship between Christian moral teaching and the development of modern economic attitudes.

No shop edition listed

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67
Cover candidate for A Preface to Morals by Walter Lippmann

A Preface to Morals

An inquiry into modern ethical life asks how moral commitments might endure when traditional sources of authority lose their hold.

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68
The Gate of Heavenly Peace — selected edition cover

The Gate of Heavenly Peace

Biographical and historical narratives illuminate intellectual life and political change in modern China.

No shop edition listed

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69
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions — selected edition cover

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

An account of scientific change argues that periods of established research are interrupted by transformations in the frameworks through which knowledge develops.

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70
Cover candidate for The Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward

The Strange Career of Jim Crow

A history of segregation challenges assumptions that Jim Crow was an inevitable or unchanging feature of Southern society.

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71
The Rise of the West — selected edition cover

The Rise of the West

A broad history of human communities emphasises the exchanges and encounters through which civilisations influence one another.

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72
Cover candidate for The Gnostic Gospels by Elaine Pagels

The Gnostic Gospels

An examination of early Christian texts considers how competing beliefs illuminate the formation of religious authority and orthodoxy.

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73
Cover candidate for James Joyce by Richard Ellmann

James Joyce

A biography reconstructs James Joyce's family life, artistic development and years of exile alongside the creation of his major works.

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74
Cover candidate for Florence Nightingale by Cecil Woodham-Smith

Florence Nightingale

A biography examines Florence Nightingale's life and the administrative, statistical and medical work behind her public reputation.

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75
Cover candidate for The Great War and Modern Memory by Paul Fussell

The Great War and Modern Memory

A study of First World War writing examines how soldiers and later authors transformed traumatic experience into cultural memory.

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76
Cover candidate for The City in History by Lewis Mumford

The City in History

A history of cities investigates their institutions, physical arrangements and changing capacity to support collective human life.

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77
Battle Cry of Freedom — selected edition cover

Battle Cry of Freedom

A history of the Civil War era connects military conflict with the political and social disputes surrounding slavery and Union.

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78
Why We Can’T Wait — selected edition cover

Why We Can’T Wait

An account of the Birmingham campaign argues for the urgency of civil rights action and the principles of nonviolent resistance.

No shop edition listed

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79
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt — selected edition cover

The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt

The first part of a presidential biography follows Theodore Roosevelt from childhood to his accession to national leadership.

No shop edition listed

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80
Cover candidate for Studies in Iconology by Erwin Panofsky

Studies in Iconology

Studies of Renaissance art examine how images carry historical meanings through recurring subjects, symbols and intellectual traditions.

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81
The Face of Battle — selected edition cover

The Face of Battle

An investigation of three battles examines what combat may have felt like for participants beyond the perspective of commanders.

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82
Cover candidate for The Strange Death of Liberal England by George Dangerfield

The Strange Death of Liberal England

An account of prewar British conflict links the weakening of Liberal authority with labour unrest, women's suffrage and the crisis over Ireland.

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83
Cover candidate for Vermeer by Lawrence Gowing

Vermeer

A study of Vermeer's paintings examines their visual construction and the unusual relationship they create between observation and the represented world.

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84
A Bright Shining Lie - Neil Sheehan - Folio Society - 2021 1st Edition

A Bright Shining Lie

The life of an American adviser becomes a framework for examining the ambitions, misunderstandings and consequences of intervention in Vietnam.

Available nowEditions of A Bright Shining Lie
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85
Cover candidate for West with the Night by Beryl Markham

West with the Night

A memoir of childhood in East Africa and work as a pilot connects independence, landscape and the hazards of early aviation.

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86
Cover candidate for This Boy’s Life by Tobias Wolff

This Boy’s Life

Memories of a troubled American childhood examine deception, family authority and a boy's attempts to imagine a different future.

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87
Cover candidate for A Mathematician’s Apology by G. H. Hardy

A Mathematician’s Apology

A mathematician reflects on the beauty and value of pure mathematics while considering age, creativity and the limits of a working life.

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88
Six Easy Pieces — selected edition cover

Six Easy Pieces

Six introductory lectures explain central ideas in physics, presenting scientific understanding through accessible examples and questions.

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89
Cover candidate for Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek

Close observation of a Virginia creek becomes an inquiry into attention, natural abundance and the unsettling violence within living systems.

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90
The Golden Bough — selected edition cover

The Golden Bough

A comparative study gathers myths and rituals into an ambitious account of the relationships between magic, religion and cultural change.

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91
Shadow and Act — selected edition cover

Shadow and Act

Essays explore literature, music and the relationship between American identity and Black cultural experience.

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92
The Power Broker — selected edition cover

The Power Broker

A biography of Robert Moses investigates how a public official acquired and exercised the power to reshape New York.

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93
The American Political Tradition — selected edition cover

The American Political Tradition

Portraits of American leaders question the assumptions and shared interests underlying apparently opposing political traditions.

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94
The Contours of American History — selected edition cover

The Contours of American History

An interpretation of American history examines the relationships between economic expansion, political ideals and changing forms of power.

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95
Cover candidate for The Promise of American Life by Herbert Croly

The Promise of American Life

A political argument considers how collective institutions and national purpose might reconcile democratic ideals with the inequalities of modern American life.

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96
In Cold Blood — selected edition cover

In Cold Blood

An account of a Kansas family's murder reconstructs the crime, the killers' histories and the investigation that followed.

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97
Cover candidate for The Journalist and the Murderer by Janet Malcolm

The Journalist and the Murderer

A dispute between a journalist and his subject becomes an inquiry into trust, manipulation and the ethics of reporting.

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98
Cover candidate for The Taming of Chance by Ian Hacking

The Taming of Chance

A history of probability examines how statistical ideas transformed understandings of causation, normality and social life.

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99
Operating Instructions — selected edition cover

Operating Instructions

A journal of a son's first year combines the practical challenges of single motherhood with reflections on dependence, faith and emotional survival.

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100
Cover candidate for Melbourne by Lord David Cecil

Melbourne

A biography traces Lord Melbourne's personal and political life, including the family relationships and public career behind his premiership.

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